Leviticus 1:6-11 Sacrifices (A Supposed Contradiction)

Robert B. Laurin claims that Ezekiel 44:11; 2 Chronicles 29:22, 24, 34 conflict with Leviticus 1:6-9 since the pentateuchal account suggests that it is the offerer himself who would kill the animal, skin it, cut it in pieces, and wash the entrails and feet, whereas the other accounts (in Ezekiel and 2 Chronicles) say that the Levites do the killing or the priests (in the case of 2 Chronicles).

While I initially thought that Lev. 1:6 clearly was talking about the offerer (not the priest or one of the Levites), John Gill's discussion and Adam Clarke helped me to see the textual variants associated with this verse and the rabbinic comments about it: I have consulted Mark Rooker's Leviticus commentary too. However, a careful reading of Lev. 1:6-9 demonstrates there is no inherent conflict between the accounts.

NET Bible (Leviticus 1:6-9): Next, the one presenting the offering[p] must skin the burnt offering and cut it into parts, and the sons of Aaron, the priest,[q] must put fire on the altar and arrange wood on the fire. Then the sons of Aaron, the priests, must arrange the parts with the head and the suet[r] on the wood that is in the fire on the altar.[s] Finally, the one presenting the offering[t] must wash its entrails and its legs in water and the priest must offer all of it up in smoke on the altar[u]—it is[v] a burnt offering, a gift[w] of a soothing aroma to the Lord.

NET Note: tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (the offerer) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The LXX and Smr have “they” rather than “he” in both halves of this verse, suggesting that the priests, not the offerer, were to skin and cut the carcass of the bull into pieces (cf. the notes on vv. 5a and 9a). To see other points made by the NET Bible, see https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+1-6&version=NET

1 John 5:7--Added to the Greek Text (J.E. McDermond)

Finally, the famous textual issue in 5:7 merits attention. As mentioned in the Preview, the KJV reads, For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth…. These words are found in many Latin Vulgate manuscripts and a few late Greek manuscripts, dating mostly from after AD 1400. Textual experts generally agree that these words first found their way into the Latin texts in or around the fourth century. The Johannine Comma, as these words have come to be known, “is quoted by none of the Greek Fathers…. Its first appearance in Greek is in a Greek version of the (Latin) Acts of the Lateran Council in 1215” (Metzger: 717). It appears in four late Greek manuscripts, which were translated from “a late recension of the Latin Vulgate”: manuscripts 61 (16th c.), 88 (12th c.), 629 (14th or 15th c.), and 635 (11th c.), “which has the passage written in the margin by a seventeenth-century hand” (716-17). The Comma does not appear in any Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Arabic, or Slavonic NT translations before AD 1500. Copyists, aware of the Vulgate version, likely added these words to the later Greek manuscripts that then were frequently reproduced and used for the KJV. Because of the lack of support from the earliest and most reliable Greek manuscripts, modern translators omit these words [The Johannine Comma, p. 309]

See J.E. McDermond, 1, 2, 3 John, Believers Church Bible Commentary, page 399 of the electronic edition.

Buist Fanning Analyzes Revelation 5:12 (Greek Text and Some Thoughts)

Greek (SBLGNT): λέγοντες φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· Ἄξιόν ἐστιν τὸ ἀρνίον τὸ ἐσφαγμένον λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ σοφίαν καὶ ἰσχὺν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν καὶ εὐλογίαν.

NET: all of whom ³⁸  were singing ³⁹  in a loud voice: “Worthy is the lamb who was killed ⁴⁰ 

to receive power and wealth and wisdom and might and honor and glory and praise!”

NWT 2013: and they were saying with a loud voice: “The Lamb who was slaughtered is worthy to receive the power and riches and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and blessing.”

Fanning and most commentators normally read Rev. 5:12ff as evidence for the deity of Christ. Fanning makes this claim:

"It is christologically significant that ascriptions of praise in Revelation are offered to God alone (4:9, 11; 7:12; 19:1), to God and to the Lamb (5:13), or to Christ alone (1:6; 5:12)."

In footnote 92 on page 228 of his recent commentary, Fanning references Richard Bauckham's observation that John was working with a sensitivity to monotheistic worship when he penned Revelation. Yet Fanning (like Bauckham) thinks Christ is given worship in Rev. 5:12, which would indicate that the Lamb is divine like his Father. But I can appreciate the ascriptions that heavenly creatures give Christ without presuming he is ontologically equal with his Father. That is a point which has been discussed ad nauseam. The thing that intrigues me more is the Hebrew and Septuagintal context for the scene in Revelation 5:12ff.

1 Chronicles 29:11 (LXX): σοί κύριε ἡ μεγαλωσύνη καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ τὸ καύχημα καὶ ἡ νίκη καὶ ἡ ἰσχύς ὅτι σὺ πάντων τῶν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς δεσπόζεις ἀπὸ προσώπου σου ταράσσεται πᾶς βασιλεὺς καὶ ἔθνος

There is also Daniel 2:37, which ESV renders: You, O king, the king of kings, to whom the God of heaven has given the kingdom, the power, and the might, and the glory

LXX: σύ βασιλεῦ βασιλεὺς βασιλέων ᾧ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ βασιλείαν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ κραταιὰν καὶ ἔντιμον ἔδωκεν

See Fanning, Buist M. Revelation. Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2020, page 228-229.

Books I've Read (Part VII)

 1. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Print.

2. Barr, Stephen M. Modern Physics and Ancient Faith. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

3. Adler, Mortimer J. How to Think About God: A Guide for the 20th-Century Pagan. 1980. Print.

4.  Fishler, Max. What the Great Philosophers Thought about God. Los Angeles, CA: University Book Publishers, 1958. Print.

5. Padgett, Alan G. God, Eternity and the Nature of Time, London: Macmillan, 1992. Print.

6. Wolterstorff, Nicholas. “God Everlasting” in Clifton Orlebeke and Lewis Smedes (editors), God and the Good: Essays in Honor of Henry Stob, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, pp. 181–203. Print.

7. Davis, Stephen T. Logic and the Nature of God. London: Macmillan, 1983. Print.

8. DeWeese, Garrett J. God and the Nature of Time, Aldershot, Hants.: Ashgate, 2004. Print.

9. Bultmann, Rudolf. Primitive Christianity in its Contemporary Setting. Cleveland and New York: Meridian Books, 1965. Print.

10. Gilson, Etienne. The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas. New York : Random House, 1956. Print.

11. Bruce, F.F. New Testament History. London: Thomas Nelson, 1969. Print.

12. Chamberlain, William D. An Exegetical Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1987. Print. 

13. Tom Christenson. Questioning Assumptions: Rethinking the Philosophy of Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011. Print.

14. Bock, Darrell. Blasphemy and Exaltation in Judaism: The Charge against Jesus in Mark 14:53-65. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2016. Print.

15. Carson. D. A. Exegetical Fallacies.  Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996. Print.

16. Conzelmann, H. An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament. New York: Harper and Row, 1969. Print.

17. Rogers, Rick. Theophilus of Antioch: The Life and Thought of a Second-Century Bishop. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000. Print.

18. Quine, W.V.O. Elementary Logic. Cambridge, MA and London, UK. Harper and Row, 1980. Revised Edition. Print.

19. Bradshaw, Timothy. Trinity and Ontology: A Comparative Study of the Theologies of Karl Barth and Wolfhart Pannenberg. Edinburgh: Rutherford House, 1989. Print.

20. Flanagan, Owen. The Problem of the Soul: Two Visions of the Mind and How to Reconcile Them. New York: Basic Books/Perseus, 2002. Print.

21. Moule, C.F.D. The Origin of Christology. Cambridge University Press, 1977. Print.

22. Moltmann, J. The Trinity and the Kingdom. Fortress Press, 1993. Print.

23. Cullmann, Oscar. The Christology of the New Testament. Westminster John Knox Press, 1959. Print.

24. Cullmann, Oscar. Christ and Time: The Primitive Christian Conception of Time and History. SCM Press, 1962. Print.

25. Novatiani Romanae Urbis Presbyteri De Trinitate liber: Novatian’s Treatise on the Trinity, ed. William Yorke Fausset. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1909.

Occurrences of Soma in 1 Corinthians (Chapter 6)

Some places where σῶμα appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians. I have limited the usages to the sixth chapter of 1 Corinthians:

ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι παρὼν δὲ (1 Corinthians 5:3)

τὸ δὲ σῶμα οὐ τῇ (1 Cor. 6:13)

κύριος τῷ σώματι (1 Cor. 6:13)

ὅτι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν μέλη (1 Cor. 6:15)

πόρνῃ ἓν σῶμά ἐστιν Ἔσονται (1 Cor. 6:16)

ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ (1 Cor. 6:18)

τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα ἁμαρτάνει (1 Cor. 6:18)

ὅτι τὸ σῶμα ὑμῶν ναὸς (1 Cor. 6:19)

ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν καὶ (1 Cor. 6:20)

Compare 1 Cor. 7:4, 34; 9:27.

I notice that Paul later turns to a discussion of the corporate body (Christ's bride): See 1 Cor. 10:17; 12:12-27. The letter ends with a treatment of the resurrection body, which Paul describes as spiritual.

See also https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002096438904400203?journalCode=intc

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43715563?seq=1

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43716528?seq=1

Zerwick and Grosvenor on 1 Corinthians 6:13-20 (Screenshot)

 

1 Corinthians 6:18: Which Body?

Greek (THGNT): Φεύγετε τὴν πορνείαν. πᾶν ἁμάρτημα ὃ ἐὰν ποιήσῃ ἄνθρωπος, ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν· ὁ δὲ πορνεύων εἰς τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα ἁμαρτάνει.

ESV: Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body.

NWT 2013: Flee from sexual immorality! Every other sin that a man may commit is outside his body, but whoever practices sexual immorality is sinning against his own body.

NET Bible: Flee sexual immorality! “Every sin a person commits is outside of the body”—but the immoral person sins against his own body.

What is the referent of τοῦ σώματός and τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα? Do those nominal phrases refer to the physical body of a human or to the Christian congregation qua a spiritual body of Christ? The fact is that
σῶμα evidently has some ambiguity in Paul's letter to the Corinthians.

The NET Bible invokes the debate about whether 1 Cor. 6:18 is a slogan of the Corinthians rather than words emanating directly from Paul's mind. In other words, when Paul writes, πᾶν ἁμάρτημα ὃ ἐὰν ποιήσῃ ἄνθρωπος, ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν, is he expressing his thoughts on the matter or just echoing a Corinthian sentiment?

The NET Bible favors the Corinthian slogan idea for two reasons: 1) to understand the words as part of a Corinthian slogan is supposed to be the most natural way to read πᾶν ἁμάρτημα ὃ ἐὰν ποιήσῃ ἄνθρωπος, ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν

2) It's difficult to understand (from a theological perspective) why Paul would say only "sexual immorality" is a sin that occurs outside the body. Are not gluttony and drunkenness sins that occur in the body rather than without? Why would Paul single out sexual immorality as a sin that  takes place in the body? I've had similar questions. Therefore, I've wondered if Paul is talking about the physical body in 1 Cor. 6:18.

Books I've Read (Part VI)

 1. Williams, Peter J. Can We Trust the Gospels? Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2018. 

2. Ward, Keith. The Case for Religion. Oxford, England: Oneworld, 2008. Print.

3. Craig, William L. Time and the Metaphysics of Relativity. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2001. Print.

4. Merkle, Benjamin L. Exegetical Gems from Biblical Greek: A Refreshing Guide to Grammar and Interpretation. , 2019. Print.

5. McDonough, Sean M. Yhwh at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1999. Print.

6. Lactantius. Lactantius the Minor Works. Washington, D.C, 1965. Print.

7. Minucius, Felix M., and G W. Clarke. The Octavius of Marcus Minucius Felix. New York: Newman Press, 1974. Print.

8. Pojman, Louis P, and Lewis Vaughn. The Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Print.

9. Kant, Immanuel, and Thomas K. Abbott. The Critique of Practical Reason: 1788. South Bend, IN: Infomotions, Inc, 2001. Internet resource.

10. Salmon, Merrilee H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2013. Print. 

11. Corcoran, Kevin. Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2006. Print. 

12. Westphal, Merold. God, Guilt, and Death: An Existential Phenomenology of Religion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. Print. 

13. Wolterstorff, Nicholas. Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflections on the Claim That God Speaks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print. 

14. Kripke, Saul A. Naming and Necessity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1980. Print. 

15. Murphy, Nancey C. Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print. 

16. Plantinga, Alvin. Does God Have a Nature? Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1980. Print.

17. Howard, Thomas, Eric Metaxas, and Tyler Blanski. Chance or the Dance: A Critique of Modern Secularism. San Francisco : Ignatius Press, 2018. Print. 

18. Freed, Edwin D. The New Testament: A Critical Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001. Print. 

19.  Feser, Edward. The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism. South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 2011. Print. 

20.  Porter, Stanley E. How We Got the New Testament: Text, Transmission, Translation. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013. Electronic. 

21. F. H. Henry, Carl. God, Revelation and Authority. Waco: Word, 1976. Print. 

22. Macquarrie, J. Principles of Christian Theology. New York: Scribner's, 1977.

23. White, J. E. What is Truth? Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1994.

24. Youngblood, R. ed. The Genesis Debate: Persistent Questions About Creation and the Flood. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1986.

25. Werner, M. The Formation of Christian Dogma. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1957.
 

Buist Fanning Examines Revelation 5:10

Revelation 5:10 (SBL Greek Text): καὶ ἐποίησας αὐτοὺς τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν βασιλείαν καὶ ἱερεῖς, καὶ βασιλεύουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

ESV: "and you have made them a kingdom and priests to our God, and they shall reign on the earth.”

NWT 2013: "and you made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God, and they are to rule as kings over the earth.”

Weymouth NT: "And hast formed them into a Kingdom to be priests to our God, And they reign over the earth."

Buist Fanning favors the rendering "will reign on the earth" for Rev. 5:10b. After citing Rev. 2:26-27; 3:21; 20:4, 6; 22:5, he then writes about Rev. 5:10:

"Here and in 20:4, 6 it seems clear that this anticipates a physical, geographical reign on earth, not one that is spiritual and otherworldly only (see Dan 7:27 'under all of heaven'; Jer 3:17, rule from Jerusalem)."

See Fanning, page 226.

He seems to reckon that the reign of Jesus with his co-regents will be "spiritual and earthly" not just  heavenly. In footnote 77, Fanning lays out texts that Witnesses often quote like Matt 5:5; 19:28; 2 Tim 2:12, etc.

Regarding ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, Fanning sets forth this position: he believes that ἐπὶ in this context not only signifies the exertion of "power, authority, control . . . over" (BDAG 365) but Fanning indicates ἐπὶ also represents "the sphere or location" of Christ's rule (i.e., the domain); hence, the renderings "on/over the earth." So the Lamb's rulership with his co-regents will consummate "God's intent for humans to exert delegated dominion over creation" in Fanning's estimation.

See Fanning, Buist M. Revelation. Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2020.

Compare https://fosterheologicalreflections.blogspot.com/2020/04/two-interesting-uses-of-epi-from.html 

https://fosterheologicalreflections.blogspot.com/2020/04/other-interesting-uses-of-epi-in-lxx.html

1 Corinthians 11:23--How Should KAI Be Translated?

Greek: ἐγὼ γὰρ παρέλαβον ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, ὃ καὶ παρέδωκα ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ᾗ παρεδίδετο ἔλαβεν ἄρτον

KJV: For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread

ESV: For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread,

NET: For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night in which he was betrayed took bread,

NWT 2013: For I received from the Lord what I also handed on to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night on which he was going to be betrayed took a loaf,

  

CEV: I have already told you what the Lord Jesus did on the night he was betrayed. And it came from the Lord himself. He took some bread in his hands.

 

Vincent's Word Studies:

Also ( καὶ )

Important as expressing the identity of the account of Jesus with his own.

 

When Did the Early Christians Accept Four NT Gospels? (Peter Williams)

Peter Williams presents an interesting line of evidence for early acceptance of the four Gospels. He argues that the four Gospels were a recognized unit by the late second/early third century, and three things demonstrate this point:

1) "The Chester Beatty Library in Dublin houses a manuscript called Papyrus 45, which contains the four Gospels and the book of Acts. This manuscript was produced in southern Egypt, probably in the first half of the third century."

2) "Going back a little further, we find that Irenaeus, bishop of Lyon in France, writing around the year AD 185, said that God gave the gospel in fourfold  form, referring to the four Gospels."

3) "Even earlier than this, perhaps around the year 173, a man called Tatian had made a single chronologically ordered retelling of the story of Jesus based on the four Gospels. This work, which became known as the Diatessaron, was  most probably produced in Syria. Though it does not survive today, it is believed to have influenced many harmonies of the Gospels in the Middle Ages."

Conclusion: "Thus, by the early third century, evidence from France, southern Egypt, and Syria all shows that the four Gospels were held to be a special collection that  belonged together.4 In other words, these four books were treated together as the best source for information about Jesus long before any central city, group, or individual in Christianity possessed enough power to impose the  collection on other people. It is most natural to suppose that the credentials of the four books themselves are why they were so widely accepted."

See Peter J. Williams, Can We Trust the Gospels? 

Six Scholarly Works You Might Like

 1. VanGemeren, Willem,ed. New International Dictionary Of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI : Zondervan Pub. House, 1997. Print. [5 Volumes]

2. Botterweck, G J, Helmer Ringgren, and Heinz-Josef Fabry. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1974. Print. [16 Volumes]

3.  Freedman, David N. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.[6 Volumes]

4. Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament (Fourth Revised Edition). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994.

5. Kittel, Gerhard, Gerhard Friedrich, and G W. Bromiley. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964. [10 Volumes]

6. Waltke, Bruce K, and Michael P. O'Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. Print.

Books I've Read (Part V)

1. Grudem, Wayne A., C.J. Collins, and Thomas R. Schreiner. Understanding Scripture: An Overview of the Bible's Origin, Reliability, and Meaning. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway, 2012. Print.

2. M. de S. Cameron, Nigel. The Power and Weakness of God: Impassibility and Orthodoxy. Edinburgh: Rutherford House, 1990. Print.

3. Skarsaune, Oskar. The Proof from Prophecy - A Study in Justin Martyr's Proof-Text Tradition: Text-Type, Provenance, Theological Profile. Leiden: Brill, 1987. Print.

4. Silva, Moises and Karen H. Jobes. Invitation to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2000. Print.

5. Sanders, John. The God Who Risks: A Theology of Providence. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Print.

6. Weinandy, Thomas G. Does God Suffer? Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. Print.

7. Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977. Print.

8. Van Inwagen, Peter. The Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

9. Garnsey, Peter D. A. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

10. Copi, Irving M., Carl Cohen, and Victor Rodych. Introduction to Logic. 2018. Print. 

11. MacDonald, William G. Greek Enchiridion: A Concise Handbook of Grammar for Translation and Exegesis. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003. Print. 

12. Harner, Philip B. An Inductive Approach to Biblical Study. Washington: University Press of America, 1982. Print. 

13. A. Taylor, Bernard, John A. Lee, Peter R. Burton (editors). Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans, 2004. Print.

14. Porter, Stanley E. Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. Print.

15. Kelly, J N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. Internet resource.

16. Efird, James M. The New Testament Writings: History, Literature, and Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1980. Print. 

17. Sumney, Jerry L. The Bible: An Introduction, Second Edition. Baltimore, Maryland: Project Muse, 2019. Internet resource. 

18. Swinburne, Richard. The Coherence of Theism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Print. 

19. Frend, W.H.C. The Rise of Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1984. Print.

20. Thompson, S.  The Apocalypse and Semitic Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

21. Young, Richard A. Intermediate New Testament Greek: A Linguistic and Exegetical Approach. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, 1994. Print.

22. Poythress, Vern Sheridan. Logic: A God-Centered Approach to the Foundation of Western Thought. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2013. Electronic format/open access.

23. Grillmeier, Aloys. Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451).
Atlanta, GA: Westminster John Knox Press, 1975.

24. Pagels, E. Gnostic Gospels. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979. 

25.  Kreeft, Peter. A Shorter Summa. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 1993.

Twenty Valuable Reference Works That You Might Like

1. Strutz, Henry. 501 German Verbs: Fully Conjugated in All the Tenses in a New Easy-to-Learn Format, Alphabetically Arranged. New York: Barron's Educational Series, 1998 [Updated in 2017]. Print. 

 

2. Prior, Richard E, and Joseph Wohlberg. 501 Latin Verbs: Fully Conjugated in All the Tenses in a New Easy-to-Learn Format. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1995. Print. 

 

3. Lausberg, Heinrich, George A. Kennedy, Matthew T. Bliss, and David E. Orton. Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study. Leiden: Brill, 1998. Print.

4. Frederick W. Danker, Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, Walter Bauer. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.

 

5. Cunliffe, Richard J, and James H. Dee. A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012. Print. 

 

6. Smyth, Herbert W. Greek Grammar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. Print. 

 

7.  Louw, J.P., and Eugene A. Nida. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. New York: United Bible Societies, 1989. Print. [2 Volumes]

 

8. Spicq, Ceslas, and James D. Ernest. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Print. [3 Volumes]

9. Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan, 2008. Print.

10. Liddell, Henry G, Robert Scott, Henry S. Jones, and Roderick McKenzie. A Greek - English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. Ninth edition. Print. 

11. Wenham, John W, Jonathan T. Pennington, Norman H. Young, and H. P. V. Nunn. The Elements of New Testament Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.

 

12. Fanning, Buist M. Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. Print.

13. Robertson, Archibald T. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research. Nashville, Tenn: Broadman, 1980. Print.

14. Mounce, William D. Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar: Fourth Edition. [Grand Rapids]: Zondervan, 2019. Print. 

 

15.  Marinone, Nino. All the Greek Verbs. 1985. Print. 

 

16.  McKay, Kenneth L. A New Syntax of the Verb in New Testament Greek: An Aspectual Approach. New York: Lang, 1994. Print. 

 

17. Rogers, Cleon L, Cleon L. Rogers, and Fritz Rienecker. The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key to the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub.House, 1998. Print. 

 

18. Brooks, James A., and Carlton L. Winbery. Syntax of New Testament Greek. Washington, D.C: University Press of America, 1988. Print. 

 

19. Blass, Friedrich, Robert Walter Funk, and Albert Debrunner. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament And Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.

20. Zerwick, Maximilian, S.J. Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples-English Edition adapted from the Fourth Latin Edition by Joseph Smith S.J. (Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici 114) Rome: 1963.